Jewellery, such as a belly chain, may be worn around either the clothing or anatomical waist. ![]() However, the waist region remains a highly important measurement and anthropometric landmark in garment construction. With the advent of pants and skirts that do not require support from above, the clothing waist moved down to a position where the body starts to expand to form the buttocks and a support is therefore available. In modern clothing the region referred to as the waist is considerably below the waist as defined anatomically. This shape is compared to the hourglass shape of women. Waist–hip ratios of 0.7 for women and 0.9 for men have been shown to correlate strongly with general health and fertility. It measures the proportion by which fat is distributed around the torso. Waist–hip ratio is the ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips. Some research suggests waist circumference can be predicted from brain function, therefore capturing the neurobehavioral pathophysiology of obesity. For these people, waist circumference may be a better indicator of overall health. For example, those who lift weights may have high BMI but are at relatively low risk for cardiovascular consequences. Further, whether waist circumference or BMI is a better predictor of adverse health outcomes is debatable. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) classifies the risk of obesity-related diseases as high if men have a waist circumference greater than 102 cm (40 in) and women have a waist circumference greater than 88 cm (35 in). A study published in the European Heart Journal April 2007 showed that waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (defined as waist circumference divided by hip circumference) were predictors of cardiovascular events. Excess abdominal fat is a risk factor for developing heart disease and other obesity related diseases. Waist size (waist circumference) is an indicator of abdominal obesity. It is important to note that variables such as posture significantly influence the measurement of the waist, and therefore any measurements for a group need to maintain a constant posture between the subjects. It can be predicted as 72% of the neck height an alternative approximation, very relevant in anthropometry, is Small of the Back (SOB) + 2cm. Strictly, the waist circumference is measured at a level midway between the lowest palpable rib and the iliac crest, respectively typically 60% and 64% of total height. Where the waist is convex rather than concave, as in pregnancy and obesity, the waist may be measured at a vertical level 1 inch above the navel. The waist is usually measured at the smallest circumference of the natural waist, usually just above the belly button. ![]() Where the torso creases is the natural waistline. To locate the natural waistline, one need simply stand upright and then tilt over to the side keeping the legs and hips straight. In the study, waist circumference measured at the level of the umbilicus was larger than that measured at the natural waist. ![]() A study showed that self-reported measurements as opposed to measurement done by a technician, underestimated waist circumference and this underestimation increased with increased body size. Another confusing factor is that the waistline differs on different people. Because of this and because the waist is often synonymous with the stomach, one can become confused as to the exact location of the waist.
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